Distal Radius Fracture
Distal Radius Fracture: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis
A distal radius fracture is one of the most common fractures of the upper extremity. It occurs when the radius—the forearm bone on the thumb side—breaks near the wrist joint. These injuries can affect wrist motion, hand strength, and overall hand function if not properly treated.
The forearm consists of two bones: the radius and the ulna. The radius plays a major role in wrist movement and load-bearing, particularly during falls onto an outstretched hand.
What Is a Distal Radius Fracture?
The term distal refers to the end of the radius closest to the wrist. Most distal radius fractures occur within a few centimeters of the wrist joint and may involve the joint surface itself.
These fractures can range from stable cracks in the bone to complex injuries with multiple fragments and joint involvement.
Types of Distal Radius Fractures
Distal radius fractures are classified based on fracture pattern, displacement, and joint involvement. Common types include:
- Colles fracture: A common fracture pattern characterized by dorsal (backward) angulation of the distal fragment, typically caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand.
- Intra-articular fracture: The fracture extends into the wrist joint.
- Extra-articular fracture: The fracture does not involve the joint surface.
- Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into multiple pieces.
- Open fracture: The broken bone penetrates the skin, increasing infection risk.
Other recognized fracture patterns include Smith fractures, Barton fractures, and die-punch fractures, which vary in direction of displacement and joint involvement.
Causes of Distal Radius Fractures
The most common cause of a distal radius fracture is a fall onto an outstretched hand. Other causes include:
- Low-energy falls, especially in individuals with osteoporosis
- Sports-related injuries
- Falls from height
- High-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents
Symptoms of a Distal Radius Fracture
Symptoms usually occur immediately after the injury and may include:
- Pain and tenderness at the wrist
- Swelling and bruising
- Visible deformity of the wrist or forearm
- Difficulty or inability to move the wrist or hand
- Reduced grip strength
In some cases, numbness or tingling may occur if nearby nerves are affected.
For More Information
How Is a Distal Radius Fracture Diagnosed?
Diagnosis begins with a medical history and physical examination. Your orthopedic provider will evaluate swelling, tenderness, deformity, and wrist motion.
Imaging Studies
- X-rays: The primary imaging tool used to confirm the fracture, evaluate alignment, determine displacement, and assess joint involvement.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan: May be used in complex fractures to obtain a more detailed view of fracture fragments and joint surfaces, particularly when surgical planning is required.
Why Early Evaluation Matters
Prompt evaluation and proper management are essential to restore wrist alignment, preserve motion, and reduce the risk of long-term stiffness, weakness, or arthritis. Treatment recommendations depend on fracture type, stability, patient age, activity level, and functional needs.
If you experience wrist pain, swelling, or deformity after a fall or injury, early assessment by an orthopedic or hand specialist is strongly recommended.
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